Salahuddin Ayyubi: Hattin ka fateh aur Ayyubi saltanat ka bani

Barhvin sadi eesvi mein Mashriq-e-Wusta kayi chhoti badi riyasaton mein bata hua tha. Sahili Sham aur Palestine ke ilaqe mein Europe se aane wale saliibiyon ne pehli saliibi jang ke baad apni riyasaten qaim kar rakhi thin, jabke Misr, Sham aur Iraq ke musalman hukmran aapas mein bhi uljhe rehte the. Isi daur mein ek Kurd khandan ka ek fauji afsar ubhra jis ne Misr se Sham tak ke ilaqe ko ek hukumat ke tehat jama kiya, 1187 mein Hattin ke maqam par saliibi lashkar ko shikast di aur Baitul Maqdis (Yerusalem) ko fateh kiya. Tarikh ise Salahuddin Yusuf bin Ayyub (Saladin) ke naam se janti hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Salahuddin 1137 ya 1138 mein maujooda Iraq ke shehr Tikrit ke qile mein paida hue. Un ka khandan Kurd nasl se talluq rakhta tha. Walid Ayyub aur chacha Asaduddin Shirkuh (Shirkuh) shimali Sham ke taqatwar hukmran Imaduddin Zangi ki fauj mein unche ohdon par the. Salahuddin ka bachpan zyada tar Dimashq mein guzra. Woh mahir ghurr sawar ke taur par mashhoor hue aur fauj mein darja ba darja taraqqi karte gaye.

Imaduddin Zangi ke baad un ke bete Nuruddin Zangi (Nur al-Din) ne hukumat sambhali. Unhon ne Shirkuh ko fauj de kar Misr bheja aur naujawan Salahuddin bhi apne chacha ke sath in Muhimmat mein shareek rahe.

Misr mein iqtidar

1169 mein Shirkuh ka inteqal hua to Misr mein Nuruddin ki fauj ki kaman Salahuddin ko mili, aur woh us waqt ki Fatimi hukumat ke wazir bhi muqarrar hue. History.com ke mutabiq Fatimi hukumat us waqt kamzor ho chuki thi. September 1171 mein Qahira ki jama masjid mein jume ka khutba Baghdad ke Abbasi khalifa ke naam parha gaya, aur isi baras aakhri Fatimi khalifa Al-Adid ka inteqal ho gaya. Yun Misr mein Fatimi daur khatam hua aur Salahuddin Nuruddin ke naam par Misr ke hakim ban gaye.

May 1174 mein Nuruddin ka inteqal hua aur un ke janasheen aapas mein iqtidar ki kashmakash mein par gaye. Salahuddin ne Misr mein apni khudmukhtari ka elan kiya aur isi saal Dimashq par qabza kar liya. Agle barson mein unhon ne Hama aur Homs liye, 1183 mein Halab aur 1186 mein Mosul ko apne zer-e-asar le aaye. Un ki faujon ne Yemen bhi fateh kiya jis se Bahira-e-Ahmar par un ki girift mazboot ho gayi. Safarat kari bhi un ki hikmat-e-amali ka hissa thi, aur Nuruddin ki bewa Ismat Khatoon se shadi ne unhen sabiq hukmran khandanon se jor diya.

Hattin aur Baitul Maqdis

1187 mein Salahuddin ne Misr, Sham, Halab aur Jazira (shimali Iraq) se ek badi fauj jama ki. Saliibi badshah Guy of Lusignan (Guy of Lusignan) ki fauj Tabariya ki taraf barhi to dono lashkar Hattin ke maqam par aamne samne aaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Salahuddin ke paas taqriban bees hazar sipahi the, jabke saliibiyon ke paas lagbhag pandrah hazar payade aur terah sau knight the. Pyas se nidhal saliibi fauj par Salahuddin ke ghurr sawar teer andaz musalsal hamle karte rahe. 4 July 1187 ko saliibi fauj ko faislakun shikast hui aur badshah Guy qaid ho gaye. Qaidiyon mein se baaz ko fidye par rihayi di gayi, jabke qila Kerak ke hukmran Reynald (Reynald of Chatillon) aur fauji tanzimon (Templars aur Hospitallers) ke knights ko qatl kiya gaya.

Hattin ke baad Acre, Tabariya, Qaisariya, Nasira aur Yafa samet kayi shehr Salahuddin ke qabze mein aa gaye. Phir Baitul Maqdis ka muhasira hua. British muarrikh Stanley Lane-Poole (Stanley Lane-Poole) ke mutabiq shehr 2 October 1187 ko sharait ke tehat hawale kiya gaya. Har mard ko apni azadi ke liye das sone ke sikke fidya dena tha, do auratein ya das bachche ek mard ke barabar shumar hue, aur fidye ke liye chalis din ki mohlat di gayi. Jo fidya ada na kar sake woh ghulam banaye gaye. Lane-Poole likhte hain ke shehr ki hawalgi ke dauran sultan ke muhafizon ne galiyon mein nazm qaim rakha. Taham Tyre (Tyre) ka sahili qila fateh na ho saka, jo baad mein saliibiyon ka aham markaz bana.

Teesri saliibi jang

Baitul Maqdis ki fateh ke baad Europe mein teesri saliibi jang ka elan hua, jis mein Germany ke Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick Barbarossa), France ke Philip doyam aur England ke Richard awwal (Richard the Lionheart) shareek hue. August 1189 mein saliibiyon ne Acre ka muhasira kiya jo taqriban do saal chala, aur 12 July 1191 ko shehr un ke hath aa gaya. Isi ke sath Salahuddin ke bahri bere ka bara hissa bhi jata raha. 7 September 1191 ko Arsuf ke maidan mein bhi saliibi kamyab rahe.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq baaz hum asr umara ne Salahuddin ko zarurat se zyada mohtat qarar diya, magar un ka andaza tha ke European badshah zyada der apne mulkon se door nahin reh sakte. Aakhirkar saliibi fauj Baitul Maqdis par hamla kiye baghair wapas hui. September 1192 mein dono fariqon mein sulah ho gayi jise Sulh-e-Yafa kaha jata hai. Is ke tehat Tyre se Yafa tak ka sahil saliibiyon ke paas raha, Baitul Maqdis Salahuddin ke qabze mein raha aur Masihi zaireen ko ghair musallah ho kar shehr jane ki ijazat mili.

Intezam, tameerat aur sarparasti

Salahuddin ne Qahira mein Jabal-e-Muqattam ki ek chotti par qile ki bunyad rakhi jo baad mein sadiyon tak Misr ka markaz-e-hukumat raha. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq yeh qila un ki wafat ke kafi baad mukammal hua. Unhon ne Misr aur Sham mein madaris aur khanqahen bhi qaim kin.

History.com aur World History Encyclopedia donon ke mutabiq woh shayri, shikar aur baghat ke shaukeen the aur un ki sakhawat mashhoor thi. Unhon ne apne karnamon ko qalam band karne ke liye do sarkari sawaneh nigar bhi rakhe, jin mein un ke zati motamid aur sawaneh nigar Baha-ud-Din shamil the. Baha-ud-Din ki riwayat ke mutabiq wafat ke waqt sarkari khazane mein sone ka ek tukra aur chandi ke saintalis dirham ke siwa kuch na tha.

Aakhri ayyam aur wirasa

Sulah ke chand mah baad 4 March 1193 ko Salahuddin Dimashq mein inteqal kar gaye. Un ki umar pachpan chhappan baras thi, aur muarrikhin ke mutabiq barson ki musalsal Muhimmat ne un ki Sehat par gehra asar dala tha. Unhen Dimashq mein Jama Umawi ke qareeb dafn kiya gaya.

Un ki wafat ke baad un ki qaim kardah ittehadi riyasat jald bikhar gayi aur un ke teen beton ne Misr, Dimashq aur Halab alag alag sambhal liye. Taham un ka qaim kardah Ayyubi khandan Misr mein 1250 aur Sham mein 1260 tak hukmran raha, jis ke baad Mamlukon ne iqtidar sambhala. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Salahuddin ki tareef musalman aur Masihi donon tarah ke musannifin ne ki, aur terahvin sadi ke European adab mein woh sharafat aur jawanmardi ki ek misal ke taur par pesh kiye gaye.

Jang aur safarat kari donon se kaam lene wale is hukmran ka naam aaj bhi qurun-e-wusta ki tarikh ke sab se jane pehchane namon mein shumar hota hai.